A field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of lowered doses of herbicides on the control of perennial ryegrass (Lolium prenne L.) when growing in competition with wheat. The experimental design was a split plot factorial one with four replications.Main plots consisted of cropping system namely: Lolium pure stand vs. that grown with wheat. Sub plots consisted of two herbicides CLODINAFOP- propargyl and Mesosulfuron-Methyl (as two levels of the factor a) and 5 herbicide doses (0, %12.5, %25, %50 and 100 rate of recommended dose) in a factorial arrangement. Wheat yield was separately subjected to ANOVA in a randomized complete block design. Weed biomass in pure stand weed plots and in the presence of wheat exhibited significant differences.CLODINAFOP- propargyl did not totally controlLoilium. Conversely, a full and a half full rate of Atlantis rendered a higher control of ryegrass and yielded significantly more wheat. By use of herbicide at more than 50% of full recommended dose, no increase occurred in wheat yield. As a whole spraying the field at 240 g/lit of CLODINAFOPpropargyl and 400 g/kg of Mesosulfuron-Methyl, field recommended rate, did not perfectly control the weed, indicating that it needs more investigation to optimize the herbicide dose for future recommendations.

To evaluate the efficacy of several herbicides for weed control in wheat fields, an experiment carried out as complete randomized block design with three replications at Lorestan province during 2020-2021. The experiment treatment was the pure CLODINAFOP-propargyl ((TOPIK)®) application at 32, 48, 64 and 80 g active ingredients (a.i.) ha-1, pinoxaden pure application of pinoxaden (Axial®) ans also ready mix of pinoxaden + CLODINAFOP-propargyl (binary mixture) (Traxos®) application at 33.75, 50.62, 67.5 and 84.37 g a.i. ha-1. The results showed that herbicide different doses were significant on all weeds density and dry weight. All crop characteristics such as biological yield, spike length, grain yield except crop height were significant by herbicide different doses as well. But seed 1000 weight was not significant by herbicide herbicide different doses. Also based on results, some weeds such as wild oat, ryegrass, blackgrass and canarygrass were sensitive to CLODINAFOP-propargyl and pinoxaden pure application as their reduced dry weight compared to control were 24.01, 29.31, 27.71 and 51.92 for CLODINAFOP-propargyl and 30.84, 22.32, 20.90 and 51.29 for pinoxaden, respectively. Binary mixture of pinoxaden + CLODINAFOP-propargyl had more efficacy than their pure application. According to visual observations results, the only 50 percent control of wild barley, rye and downy brome were achieved when the mixture of pinoxaden + CLODINAFOP-propargyl were used at high dose. The highest of grain yield was also attained at doses of 67.5 and 84.37 g a.i. ha-1 of pinoxaden + CLODINAFOP-propargyl which increased grain yield 18.32 increase compared to the pure application of each herbicide. Therefore, due to the frequent application of CLODINAFOP-propargyl and pinoxaden and the possibility occurring of weed resistance to these herbicides, using mixture of pinoxaden + CLODINAFOP-propargyl can be suitable not only to more effective in weeds control but also as a appropriate replacement in herbicide rotation for managing and delaying of possible resistance in weeds.

To study the effect of the pre-mix herbicide, CLODINAFOP propargyl+ metribuzin (29% WP), to control weeds of wheat fields, an experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with 8 treatments and 4 replications in Alborz (Karaj), Fars (Darab), Semnan (Shahroud), and Khorasan Razavi (Mashhad) during 2021-2022. The treatments included the application of the herbicides pre-mixture herbicide CLODINAFOP propargyl+metribuzin ("CloMetri" is used as an abbreviation) at the rates of 500, 600, and 700 g/ha, metsulfuron methyl+ sulfosulfuron (Total@, 80% WG) at the rate of 45 g/ha, mesosulfuron+iodosulfuron+ diflufenican (Othello@, 8.25% OD) at the rate of 1.6 l/ha, CLODINAFOP propargyl ((TOPIK)@, 8% EC)+ tribenuron methyl (Geranestar@, 75% DF) at the rate of 0.8 l/ha + 20 g/ha, (TOPIK)@ + Bromoxynil+ MCPA (Bromicide MA@, 40% EC) at the rate of 1 + 1.5 l/ha, and a weed-free (hand-weeded) control. The results showed that the application of herbicide treatments significantly reduced weed density and dry weight, and increased grain yield of wheat. The CloMetri (700 g/ha) showed control efficacy against Veronica persica Poir., Malva neglecta Wallr., Hirschfeldia incana (L.) Lagr.-Foss., Fumaria officinalis (L.), and Centaurea iberica Trevir. ex Spreng., ranging from 70% to 85%. However, its efficacy was relatively weak (50% to 70%) against Avena sterilis subsp. ludoviciana (Durieu) Nyman, Convolvulus arvensis (L.), Descurania sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl, Hordeum vulgare subsp. Spontaneum (K.Koch) Asch. & Graebn., Hypecoum pendulum (L.), Lolium rigidum Gaudin, and Malcolmia africana (L.) W.T. Aiton. Clometri (700 g/ha) was not be able to control weed species such as Vaccaria pyramidata (Mill.) Rauschert., Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. and Galium aparine (L.) effectively, with obtained efficacy ranging from 30% to 50%. However, the grain yield increased in Karaj, Mashhad, and Shahroud by 9 to 12% when CloMetri (700 g/ha) was applied. Across the four experimental areas, the highest efficacy of weed control in experiments was achieved with application of (TOPIK) + Bromicide MA and Othello@, respectively. The grain yield increased with the application of (TOPIK) + Bromicidee MA herbicide in the Karaj, Darab, Shahroud, and Mashhad by 13 to 27%. Overall, compared to the other herbicides in the experiment, the efficacy of CloMetri herbicide in controlling most weed species was weak and unsatisfactory; therefore, its use is not recommended as an option for weed control in wheat fields.

In order survey the resistance of wild populations to CLODINAFOP propargyl herbicide, an experimental study was conducted at the Department of Weed Sciences, Plant Pest and Disease Research Institute greenhouse in 2008. Treatments included 12 wild oat populations suspected of being resistant to CLODINAFOP propargyl and a susceptible biotype collected from Fars Province. A dose-response study was conducted for 13 wild oat populations. In this study, wild oat population were sprayed during the 2-4 leaves stage using eight doses of CLODINAFOP propargyl including 0 to 16 times the recommended dose (64 g ai ha-1). Biomass and surviving plant measurements were performed four weeks after herbicide application. Results of this study indicated that all suspected population were resistant to CLODINAFOP propargyl herbicide. The comparison of resistance index on the basis of biomass and surviving plants showed that the W/F-M2/85 population from Marvdasht had the highest level of resistance. This population could preserve over 50% more of both biomass and surviving plant relative to the control at 16 times (1024 g ai ha-1) the recommended dose.

To investigate the resistance of wild oat (Avena ludoviciana) accessions collected from wheat fields of Kerman province to CLODINAFOP-propargyl herbicide, whole-plant bioassay pot experiment was performed on 16 winter wild oat accessions (15 suspected and one sensitive accessions) in a research greenhouse in Jiroft, Kerman during 2019-2020. First, the screening test was performed with the recommended dose (1 L/ha) of CLODINAFOP-propargyl (EC 8%) herbicide in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Then, in a dose-response experiment, wild oat accessions were sprayed at 2- to 4-leaf stage with 9 doses of CLODINAFOP-propargyl including 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 times of recommended dose for resistant accessions and 0, 0.0625, 0.0125, 0.25, 5) 0, 1, 2 and 4 times of recommended dose for the susceptible accessions. Four weeks after spraying, fresh and dry weights and survival percentage of the plants were measured. According to the results, the resistance of 14 accessions to CLODINAFOP-propargyl was confirmed according to the Adkins and Moss methods. The results of the dose-response test based on the fresh weight showed that F3 (14.3) and R4 (3.9) had the highest and lowest resistance index, respectively. Furthermore, based on the survival, M3 and M4 accessions with 14.1 and 2.4 resistance index showed the highest and lowest resistance level to the herbicide, respectively. Therefore, the first case of wild oat resistant to CLODINAFOP-propargyl was recorded in Kerman province.

Adjutants' ability in enhancing the performance of herbicides is a major priority in adjuvant research. To identify an appropriate adjuvant for pinoxaden and CLODINAFOP propargyl herbicides against littleseed canarygrass (Phalaris minor Retz.), common wild oat (Avena fatua L.) and ryegrass (Lolium temulentum L.), three separate experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions. In all experiments treatments consisted of five doses of pinoxaden and two doses of each of the three commercial formulations of CLODINAFOP propargyl ((TOPIK), Behpik & Karent), with and without the adjuvants Adigor, Citogate, Citohef and Volk. Performance of all herbicides increased with enhancing their concentrations against the tested plants except for CLODINAFOP propargyl in case of wild oat. The addition of Volk (followed by Adigor) had the highest effect on pinoxaden efficacy against ryegrass and littleseed canarygrass, supporting the idea that either Volk or Adigor solubilizes the cuticular waxes thus facilitating their uptake. Adding Volk and Adigor had the highest and lowest influence on pinoxaden performance against wild oat, respectively. Totally, the adjuvant receptivity for pinoxaden was higher than for CLODINAFOP propargyl. Between the two surfactants, Citogate was more effective than Citohef in enhancing the efficacy of pinoxaden against ryegrass and littleseed canarygrass, while, Citohef was more effective in increasing the efficacy of pinoxaden against wild oat.